1789-1806: Selim III (House of Osman)
-establishes modern new army, Nizam-i-Jedid
-Janissaries hate it, overthrow him but he flees successfully
1806-1806: Mustafa IV (House of Osman)
-Plopped on throne by Janissaries
-But in comes Selim III with help from regional governors and army and regains throne, kills Mustafa IV
1806-1820: Selim III (House of Osman)
-Reclamation of power puts Janissaries on backfoot, ulema tries to align itself with Selim to prevent retribution
-Adjusts uniform of Nizam-i-Jedid after consulting clerics, makes fez smaller and turns it into national symbol
-Acts against Wahhabi threat after Murad Bey of Egypt dies in battle against them, sends army in to stop them
-Nizam-i-jedid works well against them, becomes prestigious in part thanks to this
-Hejaz gets retaken over by Ottomans, Wahhabis are driven into Najd where they face a variety of disputes over succession
-After Murad Bey’s death in 1817, Egypt plunged into chaos, Ottomans come in and establish direct rule over Egypt
-In 1818, Selim III incites Janissaries to revolt, results in chaos which ends with Janissaries put to death
-Entire army then modernized
-Dies a success
1820-1839: Mahmud II (House of Osman)
-Continues modernization efforts, spends money into navy modernization
-Issues declaration of equality regardless of religion
-Tries to go after certain feudal lords
-France takes over Venetian Republic, establishes new republics with potential to inspire nationalism
-Yanina under Ali Pasha and later his son is able to take over Morea, results in nationalist rebellion in 1830 with western sympathies
-Cunningly Mahmud II established autonomous principality ruled by Phanariotes to satisfy demands without chopping up empire
-Establishes law code, reduces power of governors
-Dies with one surviving son
1839-1840: Abdulaziz (House of Osman)
-Comes to throne at age of 9
-Mere puppet of vizier
-Gets assassinated by anti-reformers in bungled conspiracy to capture him, Ottoman line now goes extinct
1840-1863: Murad V (House of Giray)
-From family of designated succession
-Results in War of Turkish Succession, rebellion by various lords angry at reforms, Iraq and Maghreb rulers declare Murad illegitimate
-Persia, Russia declare war
-Persia sweeps through rebellious Kurdistan, takes over Diyarbakir
-Russia moves towards Danubian Principalities
-After confirming Franco-Turkish alliance still a thing and getting British Isles on its side, France (& client states) and British Isles declare war on Russia and only Russia and force Turkey to come to peace with Persia
-Rest of Europe terrified at alliance between two “Jacobin” powers
-United navy swiftly takes over Crimea, lands troops at Circassia and links up with rebels there, turning this into Russia's Wars > Second Circassian War (1872-5)
-By 1844, Russia finally sues for peace after pressure from rest of Europe, is given influence in Danubian principalities but Crimean Khanate re-established in personal union with Turkey and Circassian Emirate established with elective Emir
-But in return for their help, British Isles and France force Turkey to establish autonomous principalities in Central Greece, Thessaly, western Macedonia, Samos, Rhodes, and Crete, where there were nationalist rebellions, in addition to naval basing rights at Cyprus
-Establishes railways across empire
-Furthers reforms
-Establishes council of ministers
-Furthers equality of all subjects
-Establishes educational institutions
-Creates national institutions
-Accepts millet constitutions from Armenian Apostolic Church, Judaism, Protestants, and Greek Orthodox Church
-Position of Caliph is weakened but remains an important thing
-Formation of press
-Establishes consultative assembly in 1862 to better raise money and govern state, sees formation of informal factionalism
1863-1876: Mahmud III
-Sees war with Russia again
-France and British Isles openly send aid, sell equipment but don’t fight with Russia openly
-Modernized Ottoman army successfully repels Russian invasion, maintains status quo ante bellum
-Clamours to make consultative assembly elective and give it power result in constitution, Grand Assembly with high electoral qualification established
-However, when he is fearful of its power, he decides to prorogue it and dismiss vizier, but then vizier plots to overthrow Padishah and does so, bringing brother in charge
1876-1902: Mustafa V
-Establishes new constitution
-Arabic Revival underway, seeks to make Empire closer to it
-In reaction to conversion scares in Levant, issues Decree on the Muslim Religion in the Sublime State which re-declares the Padishah as Caliph but establishes a corporate body headed by the Caliph in charge of waqfs and stuff, establishing missionaries to stop heterodoxy, and sharia courts
-Motivated by worrying statistics, schools and other such institutions established to unprecedented degrees in Arab lands and Anatolia, “civilizing mission” becomes a thing
-After some petitioning and threats of rebellion, establishes “Kingdom of Bulgaria” with himself as Tsar, kingdom stretches from area around Sofia to a part of Thrace, leaves a lot of Bulgarians out, lots of confusion between principles of Bulgarian millet and Kingdom
-Has an elected legislature from provinces with large Turkish representation, still elects members to Turkish parliament
-Collapse of Russian Empire in 1880s gives Ottomans a sigh of relief
-After Dutch threaten Aceh, after centuries old vassalage brought up, Mustafa V threatens to send fleet to repel Dutch attack, succeeds in stopping potential attack
Titles of the Padishah of Turkey
Sultan (name) Han, Sovereign of the Sublime House of Osman, Sultan of Sultans, Khan of Khans, Commander of the Faithful and Successor of the Prophet of the Lord of the Universe, Custodian of the Holy Cities of Mecca, Medina, and Kuds, Kayser-i-Rum, Tsar of Bulgaria, Autocrat of the Romioi, King of the Ullah, Padishah of [insert lots of cities and places here]
Gets crowned Tsar of Bulgaria in Sofia